Yoshikaの英語ワンポイントレッスン Vol. 32
これはタメになると大好評!ネイティブのカウンセラーによる英語ワンポイントレッスン!今月は、留学生のエッセイ添削で気づいた、言葉の使い方について。例えば、Thatなのか、whichなのか迷うことってありますよね。
Here are some words that are commonly misused. Use this as a guide in understanding English and writing essays.
That vs. Which
Use "that" in a restrictive clause and "which" in a non-restrictive clause. A restrictive clause is one that limits the identity of the subject in some way. When writing a restrictive clause , introduce it with the word "that" and no comma. (If the subject is or was a human being, use "who" to introduce the clause.)
The painting that was hanging in the foyer was stolen.
This indicates that the painting in the foyer, not the one in the living room or dining room or bedroom, was stolen. It singles the out the painting in the foyer; nothing else.
Use "which" in a non-restrictive clause. It tells us something interesting about the subject, but doesn't define the subject. It is sort of a side thought. Use commas before and after "which."
The painting, which was hanging in the foyer, was stolen.
Notice that if you take the clause between the two commas out, it is still a complete sentence. Also, this sentence could suggest that there were many paintings in the foyer - thus, it is not definitive.
Who vs. Whom This is easy to explain:
Who = He/She
Whom = Him/Her
"Who" is always used as the subject of the verb. "Whom" is never used as the subject of the verb.
Who/Whom wrote the letter? He wrote the letter. Therefore, "who" is correct.
For who/whom should I vote for? Should I vote for him? Therefore "whom" is correct.
Did You? vs. Have You?
This has to do with present and past participles. It is the difference between indefinite and definite time.
Have you ever lived in France?
The questions asks whether you have ever experienced this or not, regardless of actual time.
Did you ever visit Paris while you lived in France?
The question asks about a definite time when you actually lived in France. The time, here is relevant.
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